Democratization of Uruguay

Giancarlo Orichio Dr. A. Arraras CPO 3055 20 November 2008 Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Uruguay An investigation of democratization presumes that the importance of democratization is undeniable: characterized basically as a change of a political framework from non-majority rules system towards responsible and delegate government rehearses. (Grugel 3) An idea that is substantial in Uruguayan legislative issues nonetheless, has a component of potential hazard that will be the subject of further investigation. Appraisal of the last will empower us to decide why Uruguay is the just one of the four previous â€Å"bureaucratic-authoritarian† systems in South America that incorporates Chile, Brazil, and Argentina to achieve this questionably political business as usual. Guillermo O’Donnell portrayed this kind of system as an establishment that utilizes coercive measures to react to what they see as dangers to private enterprise, though, the main methods for contradicting this severe government is by a â€Å"unconditional responsibility to majority rules system. (O’Donnell xiii) The progressively lead bureaucratic-tyrant system as a political entertainer represents a potential bit of leeway to democratization insofar that the military-as-organization may consider that their advantages are best served by removal from the military-as-government. Be that as it may, holding onto capacity to another overseeing body without forcing solid imperatives is implausible and has happen ed typically in Uruguayan law based change. Understanding the impediment looked by the recently delicate vote based government in dealing with the military and dispensing with its held areas carries us to the job that needs to be done. To begin with, I will examine the political history in Uruguay that lead up to the no uncertainty disputable contention that it has achieved popularity based solidification. Also, I will examine the variables that either contributed or obstructed its excursion to agent majority rule government; at last, showing up to the end that Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan portray as a â€Å"risk-prone† solidified vote based system. On 25 August 1825, Juan Antonio Lavalleja, at the leader of a gathering of nationalists called the â€Å"treinta y tres orientales,† gave an assertion of freedom. Following a three-year battle, a harmony bargain marked on 28 August 1828 ensured Uruguay's autonomy. During this time of political strife and common war, the two ideological groups around which Uruguayan history has generally rotated, the Colorados and the Blancos, were established. â€Å"Even by West Europen guidelines, [Uruguay] hosted a convention of high get-together ID and an away from of a left-right list. † (Linz 152) Uruguay's first president, Gen. Jose Fructuoso Rivera, a partner of Artigas, established the Colorados. The subsequent president, Brig. Gen. Manuel Oribe, a companion of Lavalleja, established the Blancos. The nineteenth century was to a great extent a battle between the two groups. In any case, it was not until the appointment of Jose Batlle y Ordonez as president in 1903 that Uruguay developed as a country. The Batlle organizations (1903â€7, 1911â€15) denoted the time of most prominent financial execution. A recognized legislator, Batlle started the social government assistance framework arranged in the Uruguayan constitution. From that point on, Uruguay's social projects, financed fundamentally by profit of hamburger and fleece in remote markets, gave Uruguay the loved soubriquet â€Å"Switzerland of South America. † After World War II, the Colorados governed, with the exception of an eight-year time frame from 1958â€66. It was during the organization of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967â€72) that Uruguay entered a political and social emergency. As fleece declined in world markets, send out income not, at this point stayed up with the requirement for more noteworthy social uses. Political flimsiness came about, most drastically in the development of Uruguay's National Liberation Movement, prominently known as the Tupamaros. This efficient urban guerrilla development embraced Marxist and patriot goals while then again, most broadly significant on-screen characters were backstabbing or, best case scenario semi-faithful to the effectively settled vote based system. Their progressive exercises, combined with the compounding financial circumstance, exacerbated Uruguay's political vulnerability. Continuously, the military-as establishment accepted a more prominent job in government and by 1973 was in finished control of the political framework. Before the finish of 1973, the Tupamaros had been effectively controlled and smothered by the military-as-establishment. As far as precise constraint, as Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan expressed, â€Å"Uruguay was the most profoundly severe of the four South American bureaucratic-dictator systems. (Linz 152) Amnesty worldwide condemned Uruguay for human rights infringement; in 1979, they assessed the quantity of political detainees imprisoned at a proportion of 1 for every 600, Chile and Argentina were individually 1 of every 2,000 and 1 out of 1,200. (Linz 152) By 1977 the military reported that they would devise another constitution with the expectations to â€Å"strengthen majority rule government. â⠂¬  The new constitution would be submitted to a plebiscite in 1980, and whenever confirmed decisions with a solitary presidential competitor named by both the Colorados and the Blancos and endorsed by the military would be held the next year. The post-dictator progress to majority rules system started in Uruguay when the popularity based restriction won the plebiscite. By the 1980’s the military didn't have a hostile intend to lift Uruguay from its continuous awful financial execution, the Tupamaros had in truth been vanquished by 1973, so a guard venture against urban guerrilla was pointless. The military had no considerate or political help, and with there misfortune in the plebiscite, whose outcomes they said they would regard, discolored the military’s political influence altogether. In this way, the law based resistance as the two significant catch every single ideological group that have represented by right since the 19 century introduced a non undermining elective notwithstanding their traitorous conduct before the tyrant overthrow d’etat . As recently addressed, the open doors introduced by a various leveled military preferring equitable progress is the likelihood that the main officials of the military-as-establishment will arrive at the resolution that the expense of non fair guideline is more noteworthy than the expense of removal. With the principle enthusiasm resting in a steady express that will thus permit the military to turn into a working area of the state device. Be that as it may, this doesn't block the chance of non majority rule rights in the exchange. The gathering military arrangement called the Naval Club Pact excluded Wilson Ferreira of the Blanco gathering to be assigned as president, pushed for ensures concerning their own self-sufficiency, and the most harming to majority rules system was the abbreviation of human right path for military authorities. Decisions were held in 1985 were Julio Maria Sanguinetti from the Colorado party turned into the main equitably chose competitor in the 1977 constitution. As a result of solid open discontent with Military Amnesty allowed during the change, the shortening was sent to a choice in 1989, were it endorsed the reprieve and increased majority rule authenticity by 57%. It must be expressed that most of Uruguayan contradicted the pardon, anyway the delicate law based government defied an upsetting choice. They could have penetrated the Naval Club Pact and attempted military official for beneficiary human right offenses and gambled military refusal and in this manner an emergency in their own power. Or on the other hand they could have hurriedly conceded them acquittal at the expense of brought down notoriety in the new majority rules system. It is protected to expect that the electorate casted a ballot to let the pardon law stand not on the grounds that it was simply however more so to keep away from an emergency. By 1992 the left-wing Frente Amplio was coordinated into Uruguayan governmental issues with no other significant gathering pioneers considering them inadmissible showing up to the contentious contention that Uruguay turned into a solidified popular government. Uruguay's financial advancement can be isolated into two unmistakably differentiating periods. During the principal time frame, when it earned its esteemed sobriquet â€Å"Switzerland of South America,† from the late 1800s until the 1950s, Uruguay accomplished noteworthy development and an exclusive expectation of living. Extending domesticated animals sends out; mainly meat and fleece represented its monetary turn of events. The propelled social government assistance programs, which redistributed riches from the animals division to the remainder of the economy, increased the expectation of living for most of the populace and added to the improvement of new ventures. At the point when send out income wavered during the 1950s, be that as it may, the texture of Uruguay's economy had started to disentangle. The nation entered a decades-extensive stretch of monetary stagnation. It was during the organization of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967â€72) that Uruguay entered a political and social emergency. As fleece and meat requests declined in world markets, send out profit not, at this point stayed up with the requirement for more prominent social consumptions causing terrible financial execution that lead to the bureaucratic-tyrant take over of government. Despite the fact that the old majority rule system couldn't lift monetary success nor was the military-as-government. Awful monetary execution despite everything tormented the country all through tyrant rule. By 1980 the military had no plan in fighting the terrible financial exhibition that revealed the deficiencies of the non majority rule system. Truth be told, monetary execution has been in a decay since 1950’s until today. Despite the fact that the authenticity that the fair framework gangs in Uruguay is solid, the limit, or as Stepan and Linz state, the â€Å"efficacy† of the just framework in settling the stale economy is low. In this way, making Uruguay’s majority rule government hazard inclined because of an unsolved monetary performa

Transition from School to Work for the Disabled free essay sample

An examination of the social hindrances confronting youngsters with inabilities while moving from tied down training condition to work places. This paper looks at the hardships and troubles introduced to youthful handicapped individuals when they need to step out into this present reality. The essayist clarifies that for any individual the move from school to work is a significant change and accentuates the expanded difficulties confronting the impaired. The paper takes a gander at what social and instructive apparatuses should be made accessible to these individuals by the specialists and the help required by their families. Envision being thirty-five years of age and still totally reliant on your folks. Most understudies with incapacities have been protected from this present reality their entire lives. A few families will in general need to give however much as could reasonably be expected to their kids with inabilities, for whatever length of time that conceivable. For most youngsters with handicaps, it isn't abnormal to continually have somebody investigating their shoulders and controlling them through errands and exercises for the duration of the day. We will compose a custom article test on Progress from School to Work for the Disabled or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Most workplaces don't take into consideration this kind of guidance for the representatives with incapacities. Regardless of the fact that it is so difficult to give up, it is increasingly advantageous to the childs future to have fitting preparing for work aptitudes and social abilities. Guardians ought to put their time and cash in ensuring their kids with inabilities have the information they have to find a new line of work once they have moved on from secondary school or even school. So as to have an effective future in the working environment, understudies with handicaps need to have fitting change preparing.

25 Great Free Amazon Prime Audiobooks You Can Listen To Now

25 Great Free Amazon Prime Audiobooks You Can Listen To Now Love free audiobooks? Did you know theres a secret batch of Amazon Prime audiobooks that are free for members? I searched through the list and found some of the best options, but there are many more than what Ive included here, so go check them out! There are a lot of wonderful classics on the list, so I included many of those below, as well as a bunch of contemporary fiction options, and finally some short stories and essays from popular authors. Take a look at what Ive found, and happy listening! Classic Amazon Prime Audiobooks Jane Eyre  by Charlotte Brontë The 1847 British novel about an orphan and later governess for Mr. Rochester. This is the story of their relationship and her search for happiness and independence. The Prophet  by Kahlil Gibran Included in this hugely-popular inspirational and spiritual book are 28 poetic essays on a range of topics including love, friendship, joy, pleasure, death, and so much more. Dracula  by Bram Stoker The famous 1897 Gothic horror novel about Count Dracula from Transylvania and the Englishman Jonathan Harker who visits his castle. Frankenstein  by Mary Shelley If youve never read  Frankenstein, its probably not what you think. This is the story of Dr. Victor Frankenstein who brings a creature to life, one who is not at all what he expected and who turns his life into a nightmare. Anne of Green Gables  by Lucy Maud Montgomery Anne is an orphan who thinks shes found a new home, only to discover her new guardians dont want her. She is funny, imaginative, talkative, and utterly charming, and she soon wins them over. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass  by Frederick Douglass Published in 1845, this one of the most important memoirs in American literature. Frederick Douglass tells the story of his life, including his experiences in slavery and his escape to the north. Sense and Sensibility  by Jane Austen This is one of Austens funniest, most enjoyable novels, telling the story of Elinor and Marianne Dashwood. They are in financial difficulties, without many options, and they each take a very different approach to navigating their way through family and love. The Mysterious Affair at Styles  by Agatha Christie A Hercule Poirot novel about a woman who has been poisoned. Everyone at Styles Court has a motive and means for the murder, and its up to Poirot to get to the bottom of what happened. The Souls of Black Folk  by W.E.B. Du Bois Published in 1903, this collection of 14 essays introduces important concepts in African American history and sociology, including the concept of double consciousness. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl  by Harriet Jacobs Harriet Jacobs tells her story through the character of Linda Brent. She was born into slavery, and the deaths of her parents and the woman who claimed ownership of her leaves her the mercy of a terrible man. She makes a plan to escape. Contemporary Fiction Amazon Prime Audiobooks Fortunes Daughters  by Consuelo Saah Baehr This is the story of Hope and Faith, two people from very different backgrounds who meet and become friends. But then they fall in love with the same man. The novel is set in New York during World War I. True Fiction  by Lee Goldberg A jet crashes onto Waikiki. Because of his past with the CIA, Ian Ludlow, a bestselling author, knows all too much about what happened. Now his life is in danger. Crimes Against a Book Club  by Kathy Cooperman Best friends Annie and Sarah need money and decide a great way to get it is to sell anti-aging cream to Annies wealthy book club. But Annie decides to add a special ingredient, with unexpected consequences. Wish Me Home by Kay Bratt Cara meets Hemi, a stray dog, and the two of them take off for Florida in order to escape a complicated family history and to see the home of her hero, Ernest Hemingway. Rage  by Zygmunt Miloszewski Set in Poland, this is the story of the prosecutor Teodor Szachi as he investigates a skeleton discovered in a construction site. Szachis questioning of the dead mans wife opens up a whole new set of problems. The Body in the Dales  by J.R. Ellis A body is discovered in a cave in the Yorkshire Dales: its Dave Atkins, who is not well-liked, leaving plenty of suspects. Jim Oldroyd and his partner DS Carter lead the investigation. setTimeout(function() { if (typeof(__gaTracker) !== 'undefined') { __gaTracker('send', 'event', 'Audiobooks Impression', 'Audiobooks', 'libro.fm IRC Feb 20'); } }, 3000); Rogue: An American Ghost Thriller by J.B. Turner Everyone thinks Nathan Stone is dead, but actually hes a ghost, a government asset whose job it is to assassinate enemies of the state. But then a journalist discovers the kill list, and Stones mission is compromised. The Practice House by Laura McNeal Aldine McKenna leaves Scotland in 1929 for America. She takes a job teaching in a one-room schoolhouse in Kansas and struggles to settle into her new life. Stories/Essays  Amazon Prime Audiobooks Ungirls by Lauren Beukes Nats is an actor and sex worker whose new job takes her to some dark places. Set in a near-future world with lab-grown sex dolls. The Best Girls by Min Jin Lee This story is about a girl in Seoul struggling with the patriarchal tradition that only boys can provide for a family. By the author of  Pachinko. Evidence of the Affair  by Taylor Jenkins Reid A story about a woman who writes a letter to a strangerâ€"who happens to be the husband of a woman her own husband was having an affair with. Anonymous  by Uzodinma Iweala A man traveling home finds himself under extra scrutiny at the airport and then isolated and chained in a small room with no explanation. Will Williams by Namwali Serpell Will Williams is a retelling of a Poe story. A young black man is followed and terrorized by a look-alike. Boca Raton  by Lauren Groff From the author of  Fates and Furies, this is a story of a mothers fears for her child as she discovers something horrible in the brush during a Florida beach clean-up. The List  by Jade Chang In this essay, Jade Chang looks at the world of dating and list-making and shares the lessons shes learned about love along the way. Want to find more great audiobooks? Read about the best audiobooks of 2018 and 50 Must-Read Nonfiction Audiobooks. For Prime members, check out this guide to Prime Reading vs. Kindle Unlimited. Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Roberto Gomez Bolaños, Influential Mexican TV Writer

Roberto Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os (February 21, 1929–November 28, 2014) was a Mexican writer and actor known around the world for his characters â€Å"El Chavo del Ocho† and â€Å"El Chapulà ­n Colorado,† among many others. He was involved in Mexican television for more than 40 years, and generations of children all over the Spanish-speaking world grew up watching his programs. He was affectionately known as Chespirito. Fast Facts: Roberto Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os Known For: More than 40 years of writing, acting, and producing for Mexican televisionBorn: February 21, 1929 in Mexico CityParents: Francisco Gà ³mez Linares and Elsa Bolaà ±os-CachoDied: November 28, 2014 in Cancun, Mexico.Television Programs: El Chavo del Ocho and El Chapulà ­n ColoradoSpouse(s): Graciela Fernà ¡ndez (1968–1989), Florinda Meza (2004–to his death)Children: Roberto, Graciela, Marcela, Paulina, Teresa, Cecilia Early Life Roberto Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os was born into a middle-class family in Mexico City on February 21, 1929. He was the second of the three children of Francisco Gà ³mez Linares, a noted painter and illustrator, and Elsa Bolaà ±os-Cacho, a bilingual secretary. He was obsessed with soccer and boxing as a child and did have some success with boxing as an adolescent, but he was too small to turn professional. Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os studied engineering at the Universidad Autonoma de Mexico but never worked in the field. He began writing for an advertising agency at the age of 22, but soon he was writing screenplays and scripts for radio, television shows, and movies. Between 1960 and 1965, Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os wrote for the two top shows on Mexican television, â€Å"Comicos y Canciones† (Comics and Songs) and â€Å"El Estudio de Pedro Vargas† (Pedro Vargas’ Study). It was about this time that he earned the admiring nickname â€Å"Chespirito† from the director Agustà ­n P. Delgado; it is a version of â€Å"Shakespearito,† or â€Å"Little Shakespeare.† Writing and Acting In 1968, Chespirito signed a contract with the newly formed network TIM—Television Independiente de Mexico. Among the terms of his contract was a half-hour slot on Saturday afternoons over which he had complete autonomy—he could do with it whatever he wanted. The brief, hilarious sketches he wrote and produced were so popular that the network switched his time to Monday night and gave him a whole hour. It was during this show, simply called â€Å"Chespirito,† that his two most beloved characters, â€Å"El Chavo del Ocho† (â€Å"The Boy From No. Eight†) and â€Å"El Chapulà ­n Colorado† (The Crimson Grasshopper) made their debut. The Chavo and the Chapulà ­n These two characters were so popular with the viewing public that the network gave them each their own weekly half-hour series; although slapstick and low-budget, the programs had an affectionate center and were wildly popular among adults and children. First produced by Televisa in 1971, El Chavo del Ocho is about a freckle-faced 8-year-old orphan boy, played by Chespirito well into his 60s, who lives in a wooden barrel and gets into adventures with his group of friends. Chavo, a truth-bearing simpleton who dreams of tasty sandwiches, and the other characters in the series, Don Ramon, Quico,  and other people from the neighborhood, are iconic, beloved, and classic characters of Mexican television. El Chapulà ­n Colorado, or the Crimson Grasshopper, was first televised in 1970 and is about is a cocky but dimwitted superhero who foils the bad guys through sheer luck and honesty. His weapon of choice is a squeaky toy version of Thors Hammer, called chipote chillà ³n or loud bang, and he took â€Å"chiquitolina† pills that shrank him to about eight inches tall. The program opened with the words More agile than a turtle, stronger than a mouse, nobler than a lettuce, his coat of arms is a heart, it’s the Crimson Grasshopper! American cartoonist Matt Groening created his Bumblebee Man, a character in the animated show The Simpsons, as an affectionate version of El Chapulà ­n Colorado.   These two shows were immensely popular, and by 1973 they were being transmitted to all of Latin America. In Mexico, it is estimated that 50 to 60 percent of all televisions in the country were tuned into the shows when they aired. Chespirito kept the Monday night time slot and for 25 years, most of Mexico watched his programs. Although the shows ended in the 1990s, reruns are still shown regularly all over Latin America. Other Projects A tireless worker, Chespirito also appeared in more than 20 movies and hundreds of stage performances. When he took the cast of â€Å"Chespirito† on a tour of stadiums to reprise their famous roles on stage, the shows sold out, including two consecutive dates at the Santiago stadium, which seats 80,000 people. He wrote several soap operas, movie scripts, and books, including a book of poetry. Although he started out writing music as a hobby, Chespirito was a gifted composer and wrote the theme songs for many Mexican telenovelas—including Alguna Vez Tendremos Alas (We will have wings some day) and La Dueà ±a (The Owner). In his later years, he became more politically active, campaigning for certain candidates and vocally opposing an initiative to legalize abortion in Mexico. Chespirito received countless awards. In 2003 he was awarded the keys to the city of Cicero, Illinois. Mexico even released a series of postage stamps in his honor. He joined Twitter in 2011 to stay in touch with his fans. At the time of his death, he had more than six million followers. Marriage and Family Roberto Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os married Graciela Fernà ¡ndez in 1968 and together they had six children (Roberto, Graciela, Marcela, Paulina, Teresa, and Cecilia). They divorced in 1989. In 2004 he married actress Florinda Meza, who played Doà ±a Florida on El Chavo del Ocho. Death and Legacy Roberto Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os died of heart failure at his home in Cancun, Mexico on November 28, 2014. His movies, soap operas, plays, and books all found great success, but it is for his hundreds of television programs that Chespirito is best remembered. Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto wrote of him, Mexico has lost an icon whose work transcended generations and borders. Chespirito will always be known as a pioneer of Latin American television and one of the most creative writers and actors ever to work in the field.   Sources Lopez, Elias E. Roberto Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os, Mexico’s Comedic Artist ‘Chespirito,’ Dies at 85. The New York Times, 28 November 2014.Miranda, Carolina A. Roberto Gomez Bolaà ±os Dies at 85; Mexican Comedian Known as Chespirito. The Los Angeles Times, 28 November 2014.Rott, Nathan. Mexican TV Icon Roberto Gà ³mez Bolaà ±os Dies at 85. All Things Considered, 2014.

Honors Honor Code And Academic Integrity - 1084 Words

Sara Frank Honor Council Practicum 21 November 2016 Princeton Honor Code and Academic Integrity Overview: Princeton University, a private Ivy League institution in New Jersey, consists of approximately 5,400 undergraduate students and 2,700 graduate students. Princeton’s Honor Code was created in 1893 and functions to uphold academic integrity at the university. They abide by an Honor Code Constitution that has been revised throughout the years. Students can access their rights in a document entitled Rights, Rules, and Responsibilities. The Honor Code applies to all in class assessments such as tests, quizzes, and in-class papers. Before students take exams, they pledge that they â€Å"will not attempt to give or receive an unfair advantage during examinations† and that they will report any â€Å"suspected violations† to the Honor Committee. Since they make this pledge, there are no faculty proctors in the examination rooms. The Honor Committee is currently comprised of eleven students. These students serve as investigators and deliberating members for violations. Work produced outside of the classroom, such as papers and other homework assignments, is controlled by the University’s Faculty-Student Committee on Discipline as opposed to the Honor Committee. The Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Students is in charge of both committees. When students are admitted to Princeton, they receive a letter from the chair or the Committee which explains the honor system. They are officiallyShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Academic Integrity1225 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic integrity continues to be an important issue of public concern especially in higher education institutions. There are countless articles that report students cheating on examinations, plagiarizing written assignments, and collaborating with others when such behavior is prohibited. 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“Buyer behaviour The consumer decision-making process and purchasing a car” Free Essays

Introduction â€Å"Consumer behaviour describes how consumers make purchase decisions and how they use and dispose of the purchase goods or services† (Lamb, 2009. p140), therefore we can understand the importance of consumer behaviour for a marketer and as a vital process during the decision purchase process. A marketer needs to identify who their consumers are in order to be capable of selling their products, generate revenue and profitability but also to be able to satisfy them for future purposes such as market share through recognition, and only once identifying their consumer’s behaviour can success be achieved. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Buyer behaviour: The consumer decision-making process and purchasing a car† or any similar topic only for you Order Now In relation to purchasing a car why would it be essential for a marketer to be able to understand its consumers behaviour in order to target them more effectively?, this is mainly due to the fact of the car industry having a wide range of variety’s that car manufactures offer its consumers making it competitive. The aim of this report will be to describe and explain the characteristics that affect consumer behaviour of a young adult named Tom aged 23, who is still in education but as well as part-time worker and currently owns a Volkswagen Golf. This young adult is recently doing his masters in university and wants a fairly cheap car that has a mature look to it but also delivers speed, outlining these characteristics will be the key in finding the best suited vehicle. Discussing the relevance of the decision-making process to Marketers of cars in general will be mentioned in this report as well as recommendations of how they can influence the stages of the decision-making process. Characteristics That Affect Consumer Behaviour â€Å"Identifying specific personality traits that explain differences in consumers’ purchase, use, and disposition behaviour† (Hoyer, 2010). Consumers have several needs which have to be observed and identified in order for the business to meet its consumer’s behaviour. Consumers behaviour are influenced during their purchasing process by four specific characteristics, such as cultural, social, personal and psychological factors, this is also seen mentioned by (Armstrong, 2009), â€Å"Consumer purchases are influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics, marketers cannot control such factors, but they must take them into account†. These four factors will be the key aspects towards what influential a consumer’s behaviour when purchasing a car. In relation to Tom, who’s in education and has a part time job would be influenced during his decision making-process through psychological, as Andrews, S (2009) suggested it relates to his motivation and attitudes. In relation to Tom as a young adult his attitude would be a car with good performance, brand image and a mature look. According to Mintel (2009e) Younger life stage groups place greater importance than other groups on a car’s performance, brand image, style and design. Another influence which would affect this consumer’s behaviour would be his personal characteristics such as his personal lifestyle, age and occupation, which can be also seen expressed by (Kotler 2010 p172-176). In Toms case this factor would related to firstly is occupation as a part time employee which means he has a limited purchasing power, but also a vehicle which fits his age range. According to Mintel (2009a) young singles seek the credibility of brand image, style and design but also the speed of the vehicle, from this understanding the most recommended choice of vehicle which would meet this customer needs would vary between an Audi A3 which is capable in providing the maturity at a cheap price, while a BMW 1 series which may be slightly more expensive offering speed and maturity. These two options may be ideal in terms of their brand image, however other factors needs to be put in to account to meet his suitability. The Types of Consumer Buying Decisions Following relates to Figure 1.1 â€Å"Consumers buying behaviour refers to the purchasing of products for personal or household use, not for business purposes†. William M. (2010). There are several factors which influence the buyers behaviour which can be defined as the decisions and actions of people involved in buying and using products, expressed by (William M. 2010). These factors which influence buyer’s behaviour are the following Complex buying behaviour, Dissonance-Reducing buying behaviour, Habitual buying behaviour and Variety-Seeking buying behaviour. Consumers go through complex buying behaviour when they are highly involved in a purchase and are aware of significant differences existing among brands. Dissonance-Reducing buying behaviour Consumers are highly involved in a purchase but sees little differences in the brand. Habitual buying behaviour Low consumer involvement and the absence of significant brand differences. Variety-Seeking buying behaviour Low consumers involvement but significant brand differences. Philip Kotler (2010). From the definition gathered from Philip Kotler (2010) on the types of buying behaviours, it allows us to identify that a consumer purchasing a vehicle would have a complex buying behaviour. A complex buying behaviour can be seen when a good is expensive and is high expressive, this is the reason to why a consumer would need to research on this product in order to gain knowledge on its strengths and weakness in relation to the consumers needs. This can be seen similarly expressed by Thelma J. Talloo (2007). In relation to this consumers who is in his early 20’s, will have various brands claiming to be capable of meeting his needs and for this reason it will make his buying behaviour a complex one as he will need to perform a deep investigation towards which brand is capable of meeting his needs. This will involve the buyer to construct a learning process which will involve developing his beliefs on the best suited product in order to make a purchase choice. This buying behaviour is a complex one because it involves a high amount of involvement due to the fact of their being a wide range of car brands to buy from which meet the needs of different characteristics of a consumers. This can be seen in Mintel (2009b) research on â€Å"Brand Preferences by Lifestage†, which showed that young singles compared to any other life stage commonly purchase brands such as BMW and Audi. The Components of the Decision Making Process Following relates to Figure 1.2 The buyer decision process is collectively five stages which consumers usually follow through before making their deliberate purchase. These five stages are, need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase behaviour (Philip Kotler, 2008 p265). Consumers would often skip stages or even reverse stages, this is usually depending on the actually product and whether it is a complex or habitual buying behaviour (Philip Kotler, 2008). The first stage of the buying decision process involves the consumer recognising what the actual problem or need is (Philip Kotler, 2008 p265). This will also mean that the consumer will realise and thus become aware of his desired state compared to his actual condition (M. Pride, 2007), which could be the core factor in motivating the consumer to purchase. In relation to the Tom he might feel as though the vehicle he owns is not meeting his current needs due to being old, he needs more maturity to be able to look presentable and this shows that he has identified his problem and realises this particular need and thus need recognition has been achieved as the first stage. The next and second stage will involve the consumer to take up some research in order to broaden and gain in-depth information about his need recognition; this research however depends on the consumer’s level of drive towards the product (Philip Kotler, 2008 p266). The modern society has enabled consumers to conduct research through several options especially, such as the internet which according to Mintel (2001c) Over half (55%) of all internet users research products online before making a purchase. In relation to Tom it shows that he will be able to conduct useful research and thus gain a collective amount of vehicle which will suit his needs such as, Audi A3, BMW 1 series through the second stage being Information search. This follows up to the third stage which is when consumers get specific needs met whether basic or desired needs, it involves the consumer using the information conducted from the stage before, by evaluating alternative brands in the choice and thus narrowing down his choices. In relation to Tom’s purchasing behaviour he would narrow the brands depending on his characteristics, such as the his lifestyle being young but looking for maturity, also speed performance is a common need in young adults, as for Tom a desirable vehicle would be the BMW 1 series, however the price is quite expensive as seen in figure 1.4 even though it offers speed and maturity the value is too expensive, in relation to Tom its over his budget. We see from Mintel (2010d) â€Å"In UK, 43% of consumers say â€Å"Trying to add to my rainy day savings/emergency fund† is a priority for this year.† And for this reason why the Audi A3 would an alternative due to the price and this concludes the third stage being evaluation of alternatives. This brings us to the fourth stage of the decision making process being the actual purchase decision. The consumer needs to make the decision of purchasing or not purchasing the product. This particular stage could either go both ways of the two, the first being that the consumer purchases the product which means the decision making process has been successful, or the second being that the consumer has a change of mind in terms of his suitability thus will effecting his final decision making the decision making process was unsuccessful. For example in relation to Tom his intended vehicle to purchase may be the Audi A3 as seen in figure 1.3; which provides the his needs at a value of ?5,745 which is reasonable. However due to the vehicle holding a 1.6Litre it may result in Tom changing his mind due to fuel purposes; this act according to (Philip Kotler, 2008 p266-267) is called unexpected situational factors where factors may arise within the household that causes the decisions to change before going ahead. The last decision making process is the post Purchase which is the process undertaken after the actual purchase has been made, this is depending on the level of the customer satisfaction being met, this can be similarly expressed by (Philip Kotler, 2008 p271) This final stage also allows the consumer to gain first-hand experience of the vehicles performance and whether or not it met their need by meeting their personal expectations. This could also have both effects one being successful that it was worth the purchase or unsuccessful which brings a discomfort experience also known as cognitive dissonance. In Tom’s case he might feel as though his purchase bring speed and maturity is just right, however on the other hand he might feel as though he will be useless in the long run as time changes so doe’s characteristics and the society. Market Recommendation It is essential for the marketers to be to identify the needs of their target market, which will thus allow them to meet there needs effectively. According to Mintel (2009e) the top three priorities of all car owners when considering their next car are price, reliability and fuel consumption. The first Market recommendation would be to guarantee their consumers that there products are reliable, but also capable of meeting their needs in terms of the fuel consumption suiting them financially. For example a young adult who are limited in terms purchasing compared to older adults will need a fairly cheap car with a slightly small engine litre for fuel purposes. Marketers can take advantage of these needs by promoting them regularly. Marketer need to be able to meet the suitability of their target market, through the information gathered in the earlier topics such as the influential characteristics, or the components of their decision making. This will benefit marketers as it will allow them to intercept what consumers will be going through to make their purchase decision. For example the Audi A3 ‘The Audi A3 offers premium feel with low running costs. It is backed up by Audi’s impressive build quality and reliability’.(Autotrader 2009), this shows that it is capable of attracting young adults due to its reliability and low running cost. Conclusion Throughout this report we gain the understanding that consumer have several needs in which they may not be sure of, thus the reason why a decision process is needed. Marketers need to take account towards identifying the key aspects of their particular consumer target, in order for goods to be sold. This report has been able to identify these key aspects such as the various influential factors which affects consumers purchasing behaviours, for example personal factors. The report outlined the also consumer buying decisions, in which differs depending on the product level of usage and importance to the consumer, in this particular report we identified the purchasing of a vehicle a complex one. We were also able to analyse how the decision making process also allows the consumer to identify the best suited product beforehand. And lastly the market recommendations to manufactures of car brands on targeting their target market. Reference Andrews, S (2009). Sales Mktg:A Tb ForHospitalityInd.New Delhi: McGraw-Hill. p55 Adrian Hearn. (2009). Audi A3 hatchback (2003 –) expert review. Available: http://www.autotrader.co.uk/articles/2009/03/cars/audi/a3/audi-a3-tdi-e-car-review. Last accessed 22 Mar 2011. Charles W. Lamb, Joseph F. Hair, Jr., Carl McDaniel (2009). Essentials of Marketing. 6th ed.Ohio, Mason : Marquardt, Neil. p140. David L. Kurtz, H. F. MacKenzie, Kim Snow (2010). Contemporary Marketing. 2nd ed.Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. p146. Gary Armstrong, Michael Harker, Philip Kotler, Ross Brennan (2009). Marketing: An Introduction. 8th ed.Essex: Pearson Education, Inc. Mintel. (2009a). Motoring Through the Lifestages – UK – April 2009. Available: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=447360/display/id=447919#hit1. Last accessed 09 Mar 2010. Mintel. (2008b). Brand Preferences by Lifestage. Available: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=447360/display/id=447921?select_section=447920. Last accessed 09 Mar 2010. Mintel. (2011c). Online Spending Habits – UK – February 2011. Available: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=479843/display/id=545218. Last accessed 15 Mar 2011. Mintel (2010d) Richard Cope. (2011). Consumer Trends. Available: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=479523/display/id=553377. Last accessed 22 Mar 2011. Mintel. (2009e). Motoring Through the Lifestages. Available: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=447360/display/id=447916?select_section=447914 . Last accessed 22 Mar 2011. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong (2008). Principles of marketing . 5th ed.Essex: Pearson Education limited. p262-267 Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong (2010). Principles of marketing . 13th ed.New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. p176-177. Thelma J. Talloo (2007). Business Organisation And Management (For Delhi University B.Com Hons. Course) .New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing. p161-162. Wayne D. Hoyer, Deborah J. Macinnis (2010). Consumer Behavior. 5th ed.Ohio: Nelson Education Ltd. p374. William M. Pride, O. C. Ferrell (2007). Foundations of marketing. 2nd ed.Boston: George T.Hoffman. p180. William M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, Jack R. Kapoor (2010). Business. 10th ed.Ohio: Nelson Education Ltd. p355. Appendix Appendix Reference Figure 1.1 (Mba lectures. (2010). Types of Buying Decision Behavior. Available: http://mba-lectures.com/marketing/principles-of-marketing/650/types-of-buying-decision-behavior.html. Last accessed 15 Mar 2011. Figure 1.2 (Ruben A. Bravo Castano. (2010). The Consumer Decision-Making Process. Available: http://wsivalueonnet.com/2010/11/12/series-digital-marketing-and-the-consumer-decision-making-process-1-6/. Last accessed 15 Mar 2011. Figure 1.3 Auto Trader. Audi A3. Available: http://www.autotrader.co.uk/classified/advert/201110381722795/sort/priceasc/usedcars/maximum-mileage/up_to_80000_miles/fuel-type/petrol/price-from/4000/maximum-age/up_to_10_years_old/transmission/manu. Last accessed 17 Mar 2011. Figure 1.4 Auto Trader BMW 1 series. Available: http://www.autotrader.co.uk/classified/advert/201109380813951/sort/priceasc/usedcars/engine-size-cars/1-4l_to_16l/transmission/automatic/model/1_series/make/bmw/page/1/radius/1500/postcode/ha98el?log. Last accessed 17 Mar 2011. Figure 1.5 Auto Trader. Fiat Stilo. Available: http://www.autotrader.co.uk/classified/advert/201109381019908/sort/priceasc/usedcars/maximum-age/up_to_4_years_old/model/stilo/make/fiat/page/1/postcode/ha98el/radius/1500?logcode=p. Last accessed 17 Mar 2011. How to cite â€Å"Buyer behaviour: The consumer decision-making process and purchasing a car†, Essay examples

English Essay Example For Students

English Essay Hemingways Old Man And The Sea July 03, 1998 Click Here For Research Papers Online! English Old Man and the Sea This part of the story has to do with Santiago against nature and the sea. In this part of the story, he goes out and fights nature in the form of terrible forces and dangerous creatures, among them, a marlin, sharks and hunger. He starts the story in a small skiff and moves out in a journey to capture a fish after a long losing streak of eighty-four days. Unfortunately his friend must desert him due to this problem and a greater force, his parents. Santiago must go out into the danger alone. For three harsh days and nights he fights a fish of enormous power. This is the second form of nature he must conquer. Earlier in the story, the first part of nature is himself, for which he must fight off his hunger. This is a harsh part of the story. He manages though to get a few bites in the form of flying fish and dolphin of which he would like to have salt on. This part of the st ory tells of a cold and harsh sea, that is, one that has value and mystery as well as death and danger. It has commercial value as well as the population of life in it. It is dark and treacherous though, and every day there is a challenge. A similar story tells about a tidal pool with life called Cannery Road. This part of the story has to deal with figures of Christ. It mainly deals with Santiago as being a figure of Christ and other characters as props, that is, characters which carry out the form of biblical themes. On the day before he leaves when he wakes up, Manolin, his helper, comes to his aid with food and drink. Also a point that might be good is that he has had bad luck with his goal for a great period of time and is sure it will work this time. Later, though, when Santiago needs him for the quest he sets out to do, Manolin deserts him, although he may not have wanted to at this time. In the novel Santiago comes upon a force bigger than his skiff, the marlin which mislead s him out far past his intended reach. This is where he starts to lose his strength against something which seems a greater force. Santiago has a struggle of three days, which is significent because of the three days in Easter, and continues to fight on though his goal may not aquire anything. This is another idea through which Christ did, a struggle to get a goal done even though it may mean certain destruction to himself. This might accomplish nothing but the satisfaction of doing this and also has great risks. Finally he comes upon a painful experience with his hand which is in great pain and wont move. This is useful in the place where Christ loses his physical self and has less to deal with. On the third day, he recovers himself and returns to his home even though his only remaining treasure was a broken skiff, experience, and a torn up marlin. And in the final conclusion, you can see him dragging the mast of his skiff, a cross-like object, in his hand. This story has a certain sequence of events, first it has a hunter vs. his prey. This hunter does respect th e prey. Throughout the book it has this series of events: encounter, battle, defeat, and respect for the prey. This is Hemmingways Code of Honor. This part of the novel has to do with relationships between two characters. The first to discuss are Santiago and Manolin, Manolin being the small follower of the old man named Santiago. Manolin is a small person that follows Santiago and listens to his wisdom. They treat each other unfriendly though for Manolin calls the Santiago old man and he calls Manolin boy which seems to be absurd. In that situation I would consider both of them to go see a doctor. The next relationship to talk about would be that between Santiago and the village, which seems to be much better. He is given credit for food and he also is waiting to show his greatness to the villageby catching a great fish as soon as he can. His thought on that, though, is that any fisherman can ctach it during the easy season but only a few can go out and catch one during the hard season. He has no consideration for the luck, and would rather try to fish through being exact rather than being lucky. The other relationship in this story has to do with Manolin and his parents. Manolin seems to be very rebellious against his parents, although he does submit to their demands. Santiagos greatest link to the village is the boy. Santiago may be poor in the story, yet is proud. This story when compared to being imaginative is good, but in real life is somewhat of a Fish Story. The part where an old man being able to load in a ton of fish is very unimaginable. The scenario, though, is very interesting for the part of the old man. He goes out all alone into the depths of the ocean without an idea for what is in store. This story has good points, for when it comes to the better parts of the story, it emphasizes by placing in mind step by step of the way he does certain actions. The part of the story which, to the best of my belief, had no part or reference in the story was the dream of lions on a beach of Africa, which this fisherman probably had never even visited much less seeing lions on a beach. This was like most stories in the main plot. First characters are introduced, then a threat reveals itself, showing true natures of all the characters, and finally the threat is fought off or it remains, leaving the reader in suspense. This had a good plot but needed more to go on in my opinion. Hemingways strong parts of this story are emphasized on vocabulary. He probably learned these fisherman terms for he once was a fisherman in Cuba. There is one problem to this, though. Throughout the story he uses these terms over and over although the ordinary person, like me, would forget them after the first use of them and unfortunately he doesnt ever re-coin the terms again throughout the book. Some vocabulary he uses stands for sharks or the sea itself. Others he uses for ba it. The main idea though in this part is to let the reader get the feel for the life, setting and character of the fisherman himself. This is a great move to place yet is also very hard to co-exist with the average reader. This has some good points, though, and among them is review. The reader must review the story and skim it in order to rethink the concept of the word. Then he or she must return to the current position in the book and place it into the text. The concept of vocabulary is a standard not to live by, and should not be placed into most books unless the terms are to be used many times throughout the book. Hemingway has merged three themes already mentioned above successfully unto this book. Among them are figures of Christ, Nature (the sea), and a code of honor. This was challenging. The obvious ones were nature, its cruelty and compassion. Nature caused his hand pain yet healed it, caused hunger yet satisfied it, and gave the fish yet reclaimed it. This is the way natu re works. Nature is actually more luck than a set of rules, for it can shift back and forth with the greatest of ease. The second theme, religion, could not be easily pulled from the text. The best clue to where it happens is the falls of Santiago as well as his carrying the mast. This symbolizes the end of Christ, although Santiago on the other hand is just retiring for the night. But it could be interpreted as the end of the book for which it is. The code of honor is not actually probably the hardest to interpret. It can only be pulled from context, which is the hardest to do. It has mainly to do with the rise, battle and fall of the prey and respect following. The problem in this is that Santiago was at fault for expanding out so far, and it was dangerous. This is similiar to the book A Journey to the Center of the Earth, which I recently read. Back to School Sucks Bibliography: Open Boat And The Red Badge Of Courage By Stephen Crane Essay Whitman also seems to feel that great people existed in his past generations. Hard work and determination runs through his blood, and that his ancestors gave him the power to accomplish greatness. Nothing could destruct what he had so carefully constructed. He imagined himself as a bright spot, a nebula, out in space stuck to a heavenly being. But the spirits carried him to this place and he stands now, with all of his body and soul, knowing that neither can be touched. In Song of Myself #44, Walt Whitman uses a variety of literary devices. His use of powerful rhythm and the multiplicity of metaphors and images set the realistic tone of the poem. He often contradicts himself throughout the entirety of the poem, specifically in section #44 when he tells the reader to listen again to what he has to say. This is what he tells the reader at the beginning of the poem, to follow him, then, as the poem progresses, Whitman becomes unsure of himself, until #44. Its the use of these literary devices, as well as a free verse style that contributes to Whitmans unprecedented technique. This poem was drastically liberal compared to previous and current writers of his time. This never before seen method, although highly controversial to social boundaries of the time period, willingly opened the doors and allowed future writers to cross the invisible line, set by previous writers, and express themselves in way that they saw fit. Word Count: 1598